the battle of the coral sea in 1942 quizlet

The U.S. carriers each launched a separate strike. More importantly, the damage to Shkaku and the aircraft losses of Zuikaku prevented both ships from participating in the Battle of Midway the following month. Critically low on fuel, Takagi's warships spent most of 9 May refueling from the fleet oiler Th Maru. Got's cruisers surrounded the carrier in a diamond formation, 3,0005,000yd (2,7004,600m) off each of Shh's corners. TF 16, commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey and including the carriers Enterprise and Hornet, had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid in the central Pacific. 60 Million Historians estimate that the number of people killed in World War II including civilians may be as high as? Takagi turned on his warships' searchlights to help guide the 18 surviving aircraft back and all were recovered by 22:00. codebreakers. Two dive bombers attacked Shkaku, hitting the carrier with one 1,000lb (450kg) bomb, causing further damage. In May 1942, the United States Navy thwarted a Japanese attack against Australia in the Battle of the Coral Sea. TF16 immediately departed but would not reach the South Pacific in time to participate in the battle. The modeling suggested striking first would have provided a decisive advantage, even more beneficial than having an extra carrier. In order to try to keep to the MO timetable, Takagi was forced to abandon the delivery mission after the second attempt and direct his force towards the Solomon Islands to refuel. [59], Shortly after 15:00, Zuikaku monitored a message from a Deboyne-based reconnaissance aircraft reporting (incorrectly) Crace's force altered course to 120 true (southeast). [56], At 12:40, a Deboyne-based seaplane sighted and reported Crace's detached cruiser and destroyer force on a bearing of 175, 78nmi (90mi; 144km) from Deboyne. TF44 was a joint AustraliaU.S. At 11:27, Yorktown was hit in the centre of her flight deck by a single 250kg (550lb), semi-armour-piercing bomb which penetrated four decks before exploding, causing severe structural damage to an aviation storage room and killing or seriously wounding 66 men, as well as damaging the superheater boilers which rendered them inoperable. Fletcher was concerned that the locations of the rest of the Japanese fleet carriers were still unknown. "[7], To support these goals, during the first few months of 1942, besides Malaya, Japanese forces attacked and successfully took control of the Philippines, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands and Guam, inflicting heavy losses on opposing Allied land, naval and air forces. When did the battle end. Operating from this base the Japanese would threaten the shipping supply routes to Australia. TF17 completed refueling the next day, but TF11 reported that they would not be finished fueling until 4 May. [114] Two studies used mathematical models to estimate the impact of various alternatives. [104], Because of the severe losses in carriers at Midway, the Japanese were unable to support another attempt to invade Port Moresby from the sea, forcing Japan to try to take Port Moresby by land. [72], Lexington's aircraft arrived and attacked at 11:30. A total of 78 aircraft18 Zero fighters, 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers, and 24 torpedo aircraftbegan launching from Shkaku and Zuikaku at 08:00 and were on their way by 08:15 towards the reported sighting. The naval battles that comprised the battle took place off of the northeastern coast of Australia and included the forces of Australia and the United States who took on the Japanese navy. Thus, Fletcher decided to hold off on another strike this day and remain concealed under the thick overcast with fighters ready in defense. although only the aircrafts made attacks American Casualties 543 wounded or dead Japanese Casualties 1074 wounded or dead What happened? Around 14:42, another large explosion occurred, starting a second severe fire. [35], In the meantime, Takagi's carrier force steamed down the east side of the Solomons throughout the day on 5 May, turned west to pass south of San Cristobal (Makira), and entered the Coral Sea after transiting between Guadalcanal and Rennell Island in the early morning hours of 6 May. At 11:15, the torpedo bombers and fighters abandoned the mission and headed back towards the carriers with their ordnance, while the 36 dive bombers attacked the two U.S. By 27 April, further signals intelligence confirmed most of the details and targets of the MO and RY plans. 8, USSBS No. The two carriers were protected by 16 CAP Zero fighters. [63], In the meantime, at 15:18 and 17:18 Neosho was able to radio TF17 she was drifting northwest in a sinking condition. A Wildcat shot down one and patrolling SBDs (eight from Yorktown, 15 from Lexington) destroyed three more as the Japanese torpedo planes descended to take attack position. Marumo's support group sortied from New Ireland on 29 April headed for Thousand Ships Bay, Santa Isabel Island, to establish a seaplane base on 2 May to support the Tulagi assault. The Battle of the Coral Sea, a major engagement of the Pacific Theatre of World War II, was fought 4-8 May 1942 in the waters east of New Guinea and south of the Bismarck Islands between elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States (U.S.) and Australia.. To extend their empire in the Pacific to the conquest of Australia, the Japanese first had . The U.S. Navy also exaggerated the damage it inflicted, which later caused the press to treat its reports of Midway with more caution. The returning aviators reported they heavily damaged one carrier, but that another had escaped damage. How did the Americans find out. Takagi detached his two carriers with two destroyers under Hara's command to head towards TF17 at 20kn (23mph; 37km/h) in order to be in position to attack at first light the next day while the rest of his ships completed refueling. Finally, at 10:51 Shkaku scout aircrews realized they were mistaken in their identification of the oiler and destroyer as aircraft carriers. Signed Bob. In a meeting held in late May, the Australian Advisory War Council described the battle's result as "rather disappointing" given that the Allies had advance notice of Japanese intentions. During the battle, the U.S. Navy would achieve a decisive victory over the Imperial Japanese Navy resulting in irreparable damage to the Japanese Navy. Yorktown's group consisted of six fighters, 24 dive bombers, and nine torpedo planes and was on its way by 09:15. At this time, Shkaku and Zuikaku were about 10,000yd (9,100m) apart, with Zuikaku hidden under a rain squall of low-hanging clouds. Takagi, approximately 300nmi (350mi; 560km) east of Fletcher (1312S 15805E / 13.200S 158.083E / -13.200; 158.083), launched 12 Nakajima B5Ns at 06:00 to scout for TF17. in /nfs/c05/h04/mnt/113983/domains/toragrafix.com/html/wp-content . Who was the Battle between? Abe's ships departed Rabaul for the 840nmi (970mi; 1,560km) trip to Port Moresby on 4 May and were joined by Kajioka's force the next day. US Navy Japanese was on the offensive in spring 1942, sweeping across the Pacific after attacking. The submarines investigated Rossel Island and the Deboyne Group anchorage in the Louisiade Archipelago, Jomard Channel, and the route to Port Moresby from the east. The aircraft failed to send a report before it crashed, but when it didn't return to base the Japanese correctly assumed that it had been shot down by carrier aircraft. [86], On 9 May, TF17 altered course to the east and proceeded out of the Coral Sea via a route south of New Caledonia. answer choices Australia and Japan America and Japanese Imperial forces Japan and Germany Question 3 30 seconds Q. what was Americas Carrier dive - bomber answer choices SBD 4WD D32 Jeep Question 4 Radar gave the U.S. a limited advantage in this battle, but its value to the U.S. Navy increased over time as the technology improved and the Allies learned how to employ it more effectively. At that time, Takagi's force was about 300nmi (350mi; 560km) north of Fletcher, near the maximum range for his carrier aircraft. [45] The Shkaku aircraft actually sighted and misidentified the oiler Neosho and destroyer Sims, which had earlier been detailed away from the fleet to a southern rendezvous point. According to the Compensation Guide for Anti-Fraud Professionals 2017/2018, you are likely to earn 31% more as a CFE professional than your colleagues who are not CFE certified, which is clearly showed prominent increase in certified fraud examiner salary. Assisting in the search were three Kawanishi H6Ks from Tulagi and four G4M bombers from Rabaul. The 13 CAP Zeros on patrol at this time shot down three Wildcats. . The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been turned back. The first group included 12 torpedo-armed G4M bombers and the second group comprised 19 Mitsubishi G3M land attack aircraft armed with bombs. [11], Unknown to the Japanese, the U.S. Navy, led by the Communication Security Section of the Office of Naval Communications, had for several years enjoyed increasing success with penetrating Japanese communication ciphers and codes. Fletcher concluded that by the time his scout aircraft found the remaining carriers it would be too late in the day to mount a strike. The Battle of the Coral Sea begins On May 3, 1942, during World War II, the first modern naval engagement in history, the Battle of the Coral Sea, begins. Shima's invasion force departed Rabaul on 30 April. The plan also included the seizure of Tulagi on 23 May, where the navy would establish a seaplane base for potential air operations against Allied territories and forces in the South Pacific and to provide a base for reconnaissance aircraft. Crace's ships were low on fuel, and as Fletcher was maintaining radio silence (and had not informed him in advance), Crace had no idea of Fletcher's location, status, or intentions. [69], At 08:20, a Lexington SBD piloted by Joseph G. Smith spotted the Japanese carriers through a hole in the clouds and notified TF17. [10], Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Combined Fleet, was concurrently planning an operation for June that he hoped would lure the U.S. Navy's carriers, none of which had been damaged in the Pearl Harbor attack, into a decisive showdown in the central Pacific near Midway Atoll. May 30, 2022 [13], Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the new commander of U.S. forces in the Central Pacific, and his staff discussed the deciphered messages and agreed that the Japanese were likely initiating a major operation in the Southwest Pacific in early May with Port Moresby as the probable target. [12], In March 1942, the U.S. first noticed mention of the MO operation in intercepted messages. Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (1609S 15803E / 16.150S 158.050E / -16.150; 158.050). Inoue directed Takagi to make sure he destroyed the U.S. carriers the next day, and postponed the Port Moresby landings to 12May. [105] The added forces slowed, then eventually halted the Japanese advance towards Port Moresby in September 1942, and defeated an attempt by the Japanese to overpower an Allied base at Milne Bay. The Carrier Strike Force was to proceed down the eastern side of the Solomon Islands and enter the Coral Sea south of Guadalcanal. During their return, aircraft from the two adversaries passed each other in the air, resulting in more air-to-air altercations. Japan began its land offensive towards Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track on 21 July from Buna and Gona. [81], The strike forces, with many damaged aircraft, reached and landed on their respective carriers between 12:50 and 14:30. Up to 12 near misses damaged Yorktown's hull below the waterline. [38], U.S. B-17 bombers based in Australia[39] and staging through Port Moresby attacked the approaching Port Moresby invasion forces, including Got's warships, several times during the day on 6 May without success. The U.S. sank the Japanese light carrier Shh, and the Japanese sank a U.S. destroyer and damaged the fleet oiler Neosho. Although the battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, it has been described as a strategic victory for the Allies. [118], Japanese and U.S. carriers faced off against each other again in the battles of Midway, the Eastern Solomons, and the Santa Cruz Islands in 1942; and the Philippine Sea in 1944. Yamamoto concurred with Takagi's decision and ordered Zuikaku to return to Japan to replenish her air groups. Battle of the Coral Sea Courtesy of the Naval History and Heritage Command [19] The Allied garrison at Port Moresby numbered around 5,333 men, but only half of these were infantry and all were badly equipped and undertrained. (Photo Credit: U.S. Navy / NavSource / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain) Launched in November 1912 as the Seeandbee, the USS Wolverine was a luxury side-wheel paddle steamer that operated in the Great Lakes region. Crace retired southward to a position about 220nmi (250mi; 410km) southeast of Port Moresby to increase the range from Japanese carrier- or land-based aircraft while remaining close enough to intercept any Japanese naval forces advancing beyond the Louisiades through either the Jomard Passage or the China Strait. Fearing more air attacks, Got withdrew his warships to the north, but sent the destroyer Sazanami back at 14:00 to rescue survivors. [106], In the meantime, the Allies learned in July that the Japanese had begun building an airfield on Guadalcanal. [51], Four dive bombers attacked Sims and the rest dived on Neosho. This may be the explosion reported to have taken place at 1727 hrs, which was followed by a "great explosion" aft as stowed torpedo warheads detonated on the hangar deck. Yorktown reached Pearl the following day. Fuel was also a concern due to the loss of Neosho. Instead, manned aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved. Nimitz, after consultation with Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet, decided to contest the Japanese operation by sending all four of the Pacific Fleet's available aircraft carriers to the Coral Sea. Yorktown would go into battle with her own scouting squadron, but Saratoga's torpedo bomber, dive bomber, and fighter squadrons. In 1942 submarine commander Jeff Conway secretly photographs Japanese aircraft carriers in the Coral Sea but his submarine is damaged and he's forced to surr. On the evening of 6 May, the two carrier fleets closed to within 70nmi (81mi; 130km) but did not detect each other in the darkness. Inoue did not cancel the recall of the invasion convoy, but ordered Takagi and Got to pursue the remaining Allied warship forces in the Coral Sea. Task Force 17 (TF17), commanded by Rear Admiral Fletcher and consisting of the carrier Yorktown, escorted by three cruisers and four destroyers and supported by a replenishment group of two oilers and two destroyers, was already in the South Pacific, having departed Tongatabu on 27 April en route to the Coral Sea. Special Exhibit at The National WWII Museum, on view from April 18 - July 8, 2012. Before losing power, Neosho was able to notify Fletcher by radio that she was under attack and in trouble, but garbled any further details as to just who or what was attacking her and gave wrong coordinates (1625S 15731E / 16.417S 157.517E / -16.417; 157.517) for its position. War Crimes [71], Yorktown's dive bombers, led by William O. Burch, reached the Japanese carriers at 10:32, and paused to allow the slower torpedo squadron to arrive so that they could conduct a simultaneous attack. Crace overheard radio reports saying the enemy invasion convoy had turned back, but, unaware Fletcher had withdrawn, he remained on patrol with the rest of TG17.3 in the Coral Sea in case the Japanese invasion force resumed its advance towards Port Moresby. Got and Kajioka were unable to position and coordinate their ships in time to attempt a night attack on the Allied warships. On 8 May 1942, during the Battle of the Coral Sea, the main carrier forces located one another and launched maximum-effort raids, which passed each other in the air. The five I-class submarines supporting the MO operation were retasked to support an attack on Sydney Harbour three weeks later as part of a campaign to disrupt Allied supply lines. Japan's Naval General Staff estimated that it would take two to three months to repair Shkaku and replenish the carriers' air groups. The Battle of the Coral Sea in 1942 A. saw the Americans take the offensive for the first time. Similarly, Why was the US victory at the Battle of Guadalcanal so important? [100] Unlike the Japanese, the U.S. Navy was willing to put one aircraft carrier's air group on another ship. The Japanese admirals involved were often slow to communicate important information to one another.[113]. On June 4, 1942, the Battle of Midway, fought between American and Japanese fleets in the Pacific Ocean, began. [15] Although the Coral Sea area was under MacArthur's command, Fletcher and Halsey were directed to continue to report to Nimitz while in the Coral Sea area, not to MacArthur. The Japanese aircraft all jettisoned their ordnance and reversed course to return to their carriers. Nielsen, making an error in his coded message, reported the sighting as "two carriers and four heavy cruisers" at 103S 15227E / 10.050S 152.450E / -10.050; 152.450, 225nmi (259mi; 417km) northwest of TF17. Undetected, gasoline vapors spread into surrounding compartments. No effort appears to have been made to combine the surviving Shkaku aircrews with Zuikaku's air groups or to quickly provide Zuikaku with replacement aircraft. [97] For the Japanese, who focused on the tactical results, the battle was seen as merely a temporary setback. Takagi terminated refueling, headed southeast, and sent scout planes to search east of the Solomons, believing that the U.S. carriers were in that area. Once Tulagi was secured on 3 or 4 May, the Covering Group and Cover Force were to reposition to help screen the Port Moresby invasion. The U.S. destroyer Henley responded and rescued 109 Neosho and 14 Sims survivors later that day, then scuttled the tanker with gunfire. [28] Fletcher immediately detached TF11 to refuel from the oiler Tippecanoe, while TF17 refueled from Neosho. Vocabulary. General MacArthur provided Australian Prime Minister John Curtin with his assessment of the battle, stating that "all the elements that have produced disaster in the Western Pacific since the beginning of the war" were still present as Japanese forces could strike anywhere if supported by major elements of the IJN. The experienced Japanese carrier aircrews performed better than those of the U.S., achieving greater results with an equivalent number of aircraft. By then, the Allies had reinforced New Guinea with additional troops (primarily Australian) starting with the Australian 14th Brigade which embarked at Townsville on 15 May. The Yorktown torpedo planes missed with all of their ordnance. Without a hold in New Guinea, the subsequent Allied advance, arduous as it was, would have been even more difficult. Overview. Battle of the Coral Sea, (May 4-8, 1942) World War II naval and air engagement in which a U.S. fleet turned back a Japanese invasion force that had been heading for strategic Port Moresby in New Guinea. At 20:00 (1320S 15740E / 13.333S 157.667E / -13.333; 157.667), Hara reversed course to meet Takagi who completed refueling and was now heading in Hara's direction. WWII carrier-versus-carrier engagements between American and Japanese naval forces: This page was last edited on 3 February 2023, at 22:09. [94], From a strategic perspective, however, the battle was an Allied victory as it averted the seaborne invasion of Port Moresby, lessening the threat to the supply lines between the U.S. and Australia. Tulagi was undefended: the small garrison of Australian commandos and a Royal Australian Air Force reconnaissance unit evacuated just before Shima's arrival. [47] Takagi and Hara considered that the conflicting reports might mean that the U.S. carrier forces were operating in two separate groups. Japan planned to use these conquered territories to establish a perimeter defense for its empire from which it expected to employ attritional tactics to defeat or exhaust any Allied counterattacks. 53: Solomon Islands Operations and Battle of Coral Sea (Interrogation of: Captain Yamaoka, M., IJN), Interrogation Nav No. Battle of the Coral Sea, 4-8 May 1942 Japanese intentions By April 1942 the Japanese had formed a defensive perimeter which stretched from the Kuriles southward through the Marshall Islands to New Britain, then westwards to Java, Sumatra, the Andaman Islands and Burma. Got and Kajioka were told to assemble their ships south of Rossel Island for a night surface battle if the U.S. ships came within range. The next day, both fleets launched airstrikes against what they thought was the enemy fleet carriers, but both sides actually attacked other targets. The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) rejected the recommendation, stating that it did not have the forces or shipping capacity available to conduct such an operation. Two U.S. dive bombers and two CAP Zeros were shot down during the attack. Another Shkaku scout aircraft quickly confirmed the sighting. Upon the completion of Mo, the navy planned to initiate Operation RY, using ships released from Mo, to seize Nauru and Ocean Island for their phosphate deposits on 15 May. The invasion convoy, Got, and Kajioka steered towards a rendezvous point 40nmi (46mi; 74km) east of Woodlark Island to await the outcome of the carrier battle. Aircraft from Shh covered the landings until early afternoon, when Got's force turned towards Bougainville to refuel in preparation to support the landings at Port Moresby. In 1942 submarine commander Jeff Conway secretly photographs Japanese aircraft carriers in the Coral Sea but his submarine is damaged and he's forced to surrender. [88] At noon on 11 May, a U.S. Navy PBY on patrol from Nouma sighted the drifting Neosho (1535S 15536E / 15.583S 155.600E / -15.583; 155.600). Singapore had surrendered, and Bataan fell. Taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, the battle is historically significant as the first naval action in which the opposing fleets neither sighted nor fired upon one another, attacking over the horizon with aircraft carriers instead. The destroyer was hit by three bombs, broke in half, and sank immediately, killing all but 14 of her 192-man crew. A short time later, three U.S. Army B-17s mistakenly bombed Crace, but caused no damage. At 07:00, the carrier striking force turned to the southwest and was joined by two of Got's cruisers, Kinugasa and Furutaka, for additional screening support. The skies over the U.S. carriers were mostly clear, with 17nmi (20mi; 31km) visibility. A third explosion occurred at 15:25 and at 15:38 the ship's crew reported the fires as uncontrollable. "[66] Hara later told Yamamoto's chief of staff, Admiral Matome Ugaki, he was so frustrated with the "poor luck" the Japanese experienced on 7 May that he felt like quitting the navy. Furthermore, Fletcher's ships were under a large, low-hanging overcast which Takagi and Hara felt would make it difficult for their aircraft to find the U.S. carriers. Research has examined how commanders choices affected the battles outcome. Both the U.S. and Japanese carrier warship forces turned to head directly for each other's location at high speed in order to shorten the distance their aircraft would have to fly on their return legs. Thus, the respective commanders were participating in a new type of warfare, carrier-versus-carrier, with which neither had any experience. 4-8th May 1942 Weapons Aircrafts, war ships and submarines. Takahashi's bombers damaged Lexington with two bomb hits and several near misses, causing fires which were contained by 12:33. The Battle of the Coral Sea, from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces of the United States and Australia. In terms of ships lost, the Japanese won a tactical victory by sinking the U.S. fleet carrier Lexington, an oiler, and a destroyer 41,826 long tons (42,497t) versus a light carrier, a destroyer, and several smaller warships 19,000 long tons (19,000t) sunk by the U.S. side. Choosing his most experienced crews, including Takahashi, Shimazaki and Lieutenant Tamotsu Ema, at 16:15 Hara launched 12 dive bombers and 15 torpedo planes with orders to fly on a heading of 277 to 280nmi (320mi; 520km). SIMS (DD-409) by Japanese Bombers in the Coral Sea on May 7, 1942, U.S.S. Around the same time, Got's cruisers Kinugasa and Furutaka launched four Kawanishi E7K2 Type 94 floatplanes to search southeast of the Louisiades. US . [64], As nightfall ended aircraft operations for the day, Fletcher ordered TF17 to head west and prepared to launch a 360 search at first light. Neosho's 17:18 report gave wrong coordinates, which hampered subsequent U.S. rescue efforts to locate the oiler. [8], Shortly after the war began, Japan's Naval General Staff recommended an invasion of Northern Australia to prevent Australia from being used as a base to threaten Japan's perimeter defences in the South Pacific. [37], At 10:00, a Kawanishi reconnaissance flying boat from Tulagi sighted TF17 and notified its headquarters. The 19 Shkaku dive bombers, under Takahashi, lined up on Lexington while the remaining 14, directed by Tamotsu Ema, targeted Yorktown. Neosho was hit by seven bombs. At 07:45, the scout confirmed that it had located "one carrier, one cruiser, and three destroyers". Takagi commenced refueling his ships 180nmi (210mi; 330km) west of Tulagi in preparation for the carrier battle he expected would take place the next day. He was informed that Allied intelligence sources believed that up to four Japanese carriers might be supporting the MO operation. 8 May 1942. [93] The Japanese public was informed of the victory with overstatement of the U.S. losses and understatement of their own. Each of these battles was strategically significant, to varying degrees, in deciding the course and ultimate outcome of the Pacific War.[119]. [25], En route to the Coral Sea, Takagi's carriers were to deliver nine Zero fighter aircraft to Rabaul. The models indicated the Americans would have suffered slightly less total damage, with one ship sunk but the other unharmed. During recovery operations, for various reasons the U.S. lost an additional five SBDs, two TBDs, and a Wildcat, and the Japanese lost two Zeros, five dive bombers, and one torpedo plane. answer choices 8 May 1942. A mushroom cloud rises after a heavy explosion on board USS Lexington, 8 May 1942.US Navy. Each side readied the rest of its carrier attack aircraft to launch immediately once the enemy was located. [73], With her flight deck heavily damaged and 223 of her crew killed or wounded, having also suffered explosions in her gasoline storage tanks and an engine repair workshop destroyed, Shkaku was unable to conduct further aircraft operations. However, the battles overall outcome would have been similar. The remaining torpedo planes successfully employed a pincer attack on Lexington, which had a much larger turning radius than Yorktown, and, at 11:20, hit her with two Type 91 torpedoes. The submarine took no damage and apparently did not realize that it had been attacked by carrier aircraft. The sighting was confirmed by a Kinugasa floatplane at 08:30. As the invasion convoy reversed course, it was bombed by eight U.S. Army B-17s, but was not damaged. The battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was the first naval battle in history fought? The second torpedo ruptured the port water main, reducing water pressure to the three forward firerooms and forcing the associated boilers to be shut down. a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture an industrial port city on the Volga River in the Soviet Union; one of the most deadly battles of wwii; crushing defeat for Germany significance of the Battle of Stalingrad

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