proto afroasiatic roots

New York: Elsevier, 1977. [142][143] Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. alternative feminine endings *-ay/*-y; corresponding vowel templates for verbal conjugations) which can be reconstructed for a higher-order proto-language (provisionally called "Proto-Berbero-Semitic" by Kossmann & Suchard (2018) and Van Putten (2018)). innovation: addition of *t n. p-Aroid It is very difficult to reconstruct ancient Proto-Afroasiatic (PAA) vocabulary, and still more difficult to reconstruct a common morphosyntax. In addition to the languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes many ancient languages, such as Egyptian, which forms a distinct branch of the family; and within the Semitic family, Akkadian, Hebrew, Phoenician, other Canaanite languages, Amorite, Ugaritic and Aramaic. p-Grassfields in East Africa. [149], A prefix in m- is the most widely attested affix in AA that is used to derive nouns. The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. English and its relatives | Sciforums The Proto-Afroasiatic Consonant System. envisaged a tome citing several hundred reconstructed roots; he did manage, however, to publish over a hundred (53 proto-roots were published, for example, in Hodge 1981). C. The proto-language of each Afroasiatic branch developed its own distinct vocabulary of food production, further supporting the view that herding and cultivation emerged separately in each branch after the proto-Afroasiatic period ( 7, 8 ). innovation: 'increase' > 'grow in size'), (root #838 + * part. Adapted from Ruhlen 1987. Kunama Bomhard postulates that from Proto-Afroasiatic (henceforth PAA), Chadic was the first to break off. Semitic and Berber are quite closely related, and both are more distantly connected to Cushitic. The most up to . Archaeology and the study of oral traditions helps linguists find connections between language families. suff. into stem), to take (bit of food or drink) into the mouth, (* is required by derived noun, root #641 following), (Eg., Sem. [69] This theory connected the "Hamites", the originators of Hamitic languages, with (supposedly cultural superior) "Caucasians", who were assumed to have migrated into Africa and intermixed with indigenous "Negroid" Africans in ancient times. Olukumi Miao-Yao - Atozwiki.com 2.10. /his/ - how did sissytufians allowed this to happen? menas - History [65] In 1844, Theodor Benfey first described the relationship between Semitic and the Egyptian language and connected both to the Berber and the Cushitic languages (which he called "Ethiopic"). Christopher Ehret. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian Amdang Proto-Afroasiatic phonology has been the subject of several proposals for reconstruction that are not only different from each other, but also very divergent (cf. Anatolian origin for Indo-European and sumerian languages Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. [32] It may have as many as 80 to 100 million first and second language speakers. As the Afroasiatic languages tend to be the tongues with the longest and oldest historical record, there are not many that can beat the Proto-Afroasiatic. p-Mande (p-W. Mandep-Mandekanp-Niger-Voltap-S. Mande) suff. [94], Several Afroasiatic languages have large numbers of consonants, and it is likely that Proto-Afroasiatic did as well:[95] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova reconstruct 32 consonant phonemes,[96] while Christopher Ehret reconstructs 42. p-Lower Cross River [124] Other scholars argue that Proto-AA had a pitch accent and some branches subsequently developed tone. Well-known Afroasiatic languages include Arabic, Ancient Egyptian, Somali, Tuareg, and Hausa. Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *abaw/y- Meaning: a k. of plant Semitic: *abVw- 'reed, papyrus' Egyptian: wb 'root', cf. 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. [11] In 1855, Ernst Renan named these languages, related to Semitic but not Semitic, "Hamitic," in 1860 Carl Lottner proposed that they belonged to a single language family, and in 1876 Friedrich Mller first described them as a "Hamito-Semitic" language family. There is no agreement on the relationships between and subgrouping of the different Afroasiatic branches. North of the Sahara and the Ethiopian mountains are the Afro-Asiatic languages. [101] The Omotic forms of the personal pronouns differ from the others, with only the plural forms in North Omotic appearing potentially to be cognate. shared innovation: 'raise' > 'lift, pick up'; probable further Ch., Eg., Sem. * "Revising the Consonant Inventory of Proto-Eastern Cushitic," Studies in African Linguistics 22, 3 (1991): 211-275. Since there is written data available from this region, it is easier to reconstruct ancient roots and find common characteristics (ELL, p.51). About us. Temein innovation: narrowing of meaning to tr. p-South Bauchi Summary of Numbered Sound Shift Rules; Index 1. Gumuz [103], A form of long-distance consonant assimilation known as consonant harmony is attested in Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic: it usually affects features such as pharyngealization, palatalization, and labialization. El proto-afroasitico , a veces denominado proto-afrasiano , es el proto-lenguaje reconstruido del que descienden todas las lenguas afroasiticas modernas . [190] Some South Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic languages, other Cushitic numerals have been borrowed from Ethiopian Semitic languages. In Arabic, ti-ktib means she writes and katab-it means she wrote. [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. p-Tuu [159] The Egyptian verbal system diverges greatly from that found in the other branches. Gule Anaang "Proto-Afroasiatic language" | Search | Stanford Libraries [89] In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal or fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel. [18][11], The alternative name "Lisramic" is based on the AA root *lis- ("tongue") and the Egyptian word rm ("person"). [164] Identifying cognates is difficult because the languages in question are often separated by thousands of years of development and many languages within the family have long been in contact with each other, raising the possibility of loanwords. [54] These five or six branches remain the academic consensus on the family. [19] Additionally, a majority of specialists consider the Omotic languages to constitute a sixth branch. innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count'), to show, bring to (ones) notice or attention, (Ch., Berber, and Eg. [132] Additionally, even when nouns are not cognates, they tend to have the same gender throughout Afroasiatic ("gender stability"). [121], As part of these templates, the alternation (apophony) between high vowels (e.g. ), (Eg., Sem. [20] Omotic was formerly considered part of the Cushitic branch;[46] some scholars continue to consider it part of Cushitic. Answer: Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, which includes over 400 languages spoken across much of Africa and the Middle East. p-Daju Lenguaje proto-afroasitico - gaz.wiki PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri- cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member, and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. *-kep-to cease, no longer function: 327. ; semantics: egg curves at every point? innovation: 'grow' > 'live,' whence Eg. Thanks for viewing our Ebay listing! [20], The Berber (or Libyco-Berber) languages are spoken today by perhaps 16 million people. Rashad Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. [156] It is unclear whether this system is a common AA trait;[157] the Chadic examples, for instance, show signs of originally deriving from affixes, which could explain the origins of the alterations in other languages as well. Afroasiatic etymology : Query result shared innovation: *als-/*ils- 'tongue': *a-/*i-attrib. infix), fruit, seeds, foliage, plant growth in general, (Ch., Sem. [174] It is found in Egyptian, Semitic, and possibly, in some relic forms, Berber. Origins, Migrations, and Language Contacts. 28 July 1999. proto afro asiatic wiktionary [29] Eight other Chadic languages have around 100,000 speakers; other Chadic languages often have few speakers and may be endangered of going extinct. [198] Andrzej Zaborski refers to Orel and Stolbova's reconstructions as "controversial", and Ehret's as "not acceptable to many scholars". p-Atlantic-Congo Proposed specific locations include the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the eastern Sahara, and the Levant. [31] Hausa is the largest Chadic language by native speakers, and is spoken by a large number of people as a lingua franca in Northern Nigeria. The name Hamitic originates from Ham, one of the sons of Noah. ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. This original biblical genealogy reflected political rather than linguistic realities: thus the Canaanites are descendants of Ham, although their language is closely related to Hebrew, and the Elamites are descendants of Shem, although their language is not related to Hebrew at all. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. [174] The Semitic genitive case in -i is probably related to "nisba" adjective derivation. ), to fit on top of, go above or in front of, (Eg., Sem. [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. In the above model, Taforalt draws about half of their ancestry (you can call this ANA) from a population that also (likely through a sister population) contributes the . Greenberg, 1958 D. Cohen,. The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. innovation: 'knee'; Berber *afud < *puuz), to be finished, come to an end, be used up, (Sem., Cush. ; short vowel required by derived verb #399), calabash (used as container, utensil, etc. Afroasiatic languages - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core [88], Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes). the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. [100], All or most branches of AA have a contrast between voiceless, voiced, and "emphatic" consonants. This language family has now been renamed Afro-Asiatic, because this term is less culture specific (Dalby, p.6). Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). p-Jen Some features observed in most or all Afroasiatic languages include: It remains unclear what word order Proto-Afroasiatic had. p-Jebel [139], Nouns cases are found in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). [28], Chadic languages number between 150 and 190, making Chadic the largest family in Afroasiatic. p-Lakka of #724 by adding *-(a)C- where C = preceding stem-final C, is implied in Eg. Omotic is the most controversial member of Afro-Asiatic. [13] Each of Noah's sons was traditionally presented as being the common ancestor of several apparently-related people groups, with Shem understood by the original audience as being the common ancestor of the Jews, Assyrians, and Arameans, among others, and Ham seen as the ancestor of the Egyptians and Cushites. innovation: specialization of meaning to plant growth), (Berber, e.g., Shilh agafay 'cloud,' implies a 2nd root shape *-gaap-), to impel, make move (by pushing, pulling), (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. [158] Most grammars of AA posit a distinction between perfective and imperfective verbal aspects, which can be found in Cushitic, Berber, Semitic, most Chadic languages, and some Omotic languages. [117] In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis). [196] Additionally, because Egyptian is written without vowels before the Coptic period, its use for comparative purposes often relies on vocalic reconstructions that themselves depend on comparisons with other Afroasiatic languages. . *w: deverbative complement and result suffix: 2. Gbekli Tepe's Pillars and Architecture Reveal the Foundation of All branches of Afroasiatic have a limited number of underlying vowels (between two and seven), but the number of phonetic vowels can be much larger. [76] It may have originally mostly biconsonantal, to which various affixes (verbal extensions) were then added and lexicalized. FOR SALE! [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. [30] For most branches, the first person pronouns contain a nasal consonant (n, m), whereas the third person displays a sibilant consonant (s, sh). [2] With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are exclusively native to the African continent. [6], Scholars generally consider Afroasiatic to have at least five and as many as eight separate branches, with the five universally agreed upon branches consisting of the Berber (also called "Libyco-Berber"), Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System" In The Nostratic Macrofamily: A Study in Distant Linguistic Relationship, 105-108. [68] In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that a group of languages classified as Cushitic by Greenberg were in fact an independent "Omotic" language family, a proposal that has been widely accepted but remains controversial. [20], There are between 40 and 80 languages in the Semitic family. [122] In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case. Continue Reading 5 Brian Collins Beboid [90], Syllable weight plays an important role in AA, especially in Chadic; it can affect the form of affixes attached to a word. Dalby, Andrew. Hadza, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic_reconstructions&oldid=68902118, attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix, attributive and complement deverbative suffix, noun derivation from verb by stem-vowel lengthening, (Sem., Eg. Mimi-D [40] Scholars have proposed locations both in the Middle East and in Africa. suff. *y: attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix: 2a. [98] AA languages tend to have pharyngeal fricative consonants, with Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic sharing and . We unlock the potential of millions of people worldwide. Bendi The system in Berber, Egyptian, and Semitic, however, has independent words for the numbers 6-9. He showed that, generally, any consonant from one of these groups could combine with consonants from any other group, but could not be used together with consonants from the same group. > *itsan-; Omotic innovation: stem + *m n. It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of Abraham's ancestor, Eber ("Ever" in Hebrew), mentioned in Genesis 10:21. Kujarge "[81] The African languages of Afroasiatic are not more closely related to each other than they are to Semitic, as one would expect if only Semitic had remained in an Asian AA homeland while all other branches had spread from there. There is no information on whether Egyptian had tones. [103][101] The feminine marker T is one of the most consistent aspects across the different branches of AA;[133] in addition to deriving feminine nouns in many branches, it also functions as a diminutive, pejorative, and/or singulative marker in some languages. Lafofa, p-Afroasiatic [144], A second category, which partially overlaps with case, is the AA linguistic category of "state." [21] They are often considered to constitute a single language with multiple dialects. Social:Proto-Semitic language - HandWiki These include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic and Dravidian (Atlas, p.74). It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the [5] It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africaand parts of the Sahel. p-Agaw Among the countries included in this language family are: Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Egypt, Algeria, and Ethiopia. Historical phonology central chadic prosodies and lexical SOm stat. innovation: generalization of pl. Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian . Afroasiatic - Languagesgulper.com Other Language Families and Fields of Study. How did Semitic languages originate? Are they descended from Proto The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Category:Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wiktionary innovation: 'not want' > 'not need,' hence 'be sated'), (Eg., Sem. Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. [150] Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-. [147][148] Berber instead contrasts between the "free state" and the "annexed state," the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions. innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. TV. Omotic and Cushitic followed the example and split together, as did Egyptian, Berber, and Semitic in another group. Proto-Afro-Asiatic Swadesh List : r/linguistics - reddit Christopher Ehret | UCLA History [11], Greenberg reintroduced the name "Afroasiatic" in 1960, a name seemingly coined by Maurice Delafosse (as French afroasiatique) in 1914. innovation: *agaw- 'cooked grain,' stem + *w n. p-Cangin Originally Posted by gihanga.rwanda. The reconstructed consonants for Proto-Afro-Asiatic are p and b, t and d, and k and g. The Egyptian bw meaning place and the Semitic bi meaning in or from are believed to be from the reconstructed root *b- meaning foot or place (ELL, p.51). He later added Semitic and Beja to Chadic-Berber-Egyptian and tentatively proposed, Alexander Militarev (2000), on the basis of. Carleton Taylor Hodge - JSTOR Retard. [25][26], There are two extinct languages potentially related to modern Berber. p-Fula-Sereer Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia Natioro [17][18] Victor Porkhomovsky suggests that the label "Hamito-Semitic" is at this point simply convention and no more implies an opposition between Semitic and "Hamitic" languages than "Indo-European" implies a "European" and an Indic branch. Afro-Asiatic has been hypothesized to be related to many other language families. [183], Another factor making comparisons of AA numeral systems difficult is the possibility of borrowing. velar consonants can occur with pharyngeals or laryngeals; This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 01:29. [141] However, the number and types of cases varies across AA and also within the individual branches. innovation: 'to rub' > 'to scrape'), (* and *a are reconstructed because they are required in derived root #651 below), (#649 + *r diffus. [77] Roger Blench writes that the debate has "a strong ideological flavor", with associations between an Asian origin and "high civilization". ; semantics: flow out bit-by-bit), *-man-/*-mun-, *-ma-/*-mu-, *-ma-/*-mu-, (root #572 + *w inchoat. Atlantic (Guinea) + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. However, not one of Militarev's proposed 32 agricultural roots can be considered diagnostic of cultivation. Linguists use the term "state" to refer to different things in different languages. [76], There is no consensus where the original homeland (Urheimat) of the first Afroasiatic speakers was located. The languages that evolved from Proto-Arabic have around 313 million native speakers, concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa.[5]. *iw- 'cow') (Eg., Sem. [99], The majority of AA languages are tonal languages: phonemic tonality is found in Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, but absent in Berber and Semitic. Afrasian. [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. This work provides the first truly comprehensive and systematic reconstruction of proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian). *y: adjective suffix: 3. [42] Egyptian was replaced by Arabic as the spoken language of Egypt,[43] but Coptic continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. S. SC Sem. From the earliest times we have written records from Northern Africa. With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are . 2.12. innovation: integration of *t dur. [40] Militarev associates the speakers of Proto-Afroasiatic with the Levantine Post-Natufian Culture, arguing that the reconstructed lexicon of flora and fauna, as well as farming vocabulary indicates that Proto-AA must have been spoken in this area. p-Central Khoisan [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. [30] A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of "independent" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns. Consider also the debate over the origins of the Afroasiastic or Afrasan languages and cultures, a linguistic group with a wide geographical distribution covering the Middle East and Northern. Proto-Chadic and Proto-Cushitic are likely even older. [54][73][9] The reluctance of some scholars to recognize Chadic as a member of Afroasiatic persisted as late as the 1980s. [118], Attempts to reconstruct the vocalic system of Proto-Afroasiatic vary considerably. Table of Contents: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) [82] Likewise, all Semitic languages are fairly similar to each other, whereas the African branches of Afroasiatic are very diverse; this suggests the rapid spread of Semitic out of Africa. [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago , that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. [195] Writing in 2004, John Huehnergaard notes the great difficulty in establishing cognate sets across the family. p-Maban Proto-Afroasiatic is a reconstructed language. ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. p-Masa ), (Sem., Eg. In Cushitic and Semitic, nouns exist in the "free state" or the "construct state". It also fully incorporates the most up-to-date evidence from the distinctive African branches of the family, Cushitic, Chadic, and Omotic. A set of constraints, developed originally by Joseph Greenberg on the basis of Arabic, has been claimed to be typical for Afroasiatic languages. There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e. Africa is divided by geographical features, including the Sahara desert and the Ethiopian mountains. bantu semitic language p-Gbaya all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections articles+ journal articles & other e-resources You guys might disagree with the results form the Shum Laka paper but don't distort their own interpretations of their findings. Linguistics 450 Their range extended from the Benue Trough and Lake Chad, to the Nile Valley, the Indus Valley, and Southern Europe during the African Aqualithic Period. FOR SALE! Looking at present languages and going backward helps us know what languages were like anciently (Atlas, p.75). [156], There is no agreement about which tenses or aspects Proto-Afroasiatic might have had. [65] He did not include the Chadic languages, though contemporary Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius argued for the relation of Hausa to the Berber languages. Roots Beginning with P and B - Oleg Linkohr 2020-03-15 . [121] In contemporary Omotic, Chadic, and Cushitic languages, tone is primarily a grammatical feature: it encodes various grammatical functions, only differentiating lexical roots in a few cases. [27] The first is the Numidian language, represented by over a thousand short inscriptions in the Libyco-Berber alphabet, found throughout North Africa and dating from the 2nd century BCE onward. [15] Hamitic was coined by Ernest Renan in 1855, to refer to languages that seemed similar to the Semitic languages, but were not themselves provably a part of the family. Nilo-Saharan These classifications of language sub-sets vary according to different texts. The languages of what is now Afro-Asiatic occupy a "vast area that stretches from Morocco to Arabia" (Dalby, p.6). show more innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. Such evidence may reveal plants known to early Afroasiatic speakers; but it does not diagnose whether they were cultivated or wild. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. [31], A majority of specialists consider Omotic to constitute a sixth branch of Afroasiatic. In current scholarship, the most common names used for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. Whether this proto-language is ancestral to Berber and Semitic only, or also to other branches of Afroasiatic, still remains to be established. The prefixes ti and it mean she. sing. p-Ring [103][53] In some branches, it can also derive abstract nouns and participles. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo).

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